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Learning Disabilities
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What are learning disabilities?
Learning disabilities do not reflect IQ (intelligence quotient) or how smart a person is. Instead, a person with a learning disability has trouble performing specific types of skills or completing a task.
Learning disabilities can impact how someone learns to read, write, hear, speak, and calculate. There are many kinds of learning disabilities and they can affect people differently.
Learning disabilities are often identified by educational psychologists and neuropsychologists through a combination of intelligence testing, academic achievement testing, classroom performance, and aptitude. Other areas of assessment may include auditory processing, visual processing, memory, attention, language and other cognitive abilities. This information is then used to determine whether a child's academic performance is commensurate with his or her cognitive ability. IQ gives a good estimate of level of academic potential of a child; hence a high IQ child should (ideally) perform at a similar high level academically, and a low IQ child is predicted to have lower levels of academic performance. If a child's cognitive ability is significantly higher than his or her academic performance, the student is often diagnosed with a specific learning disability. If there is no significant discrepancy in scores between IQ and academic achievement on testing, a child (or adult) can still have a learning problem, but they will not fulfil criteria for a specific learning disorder.
What different types of learning disabilities are there?
The term "learning disabilities" includes a variety of disorders that affect the ability to learn. Some examples include (but are not limited to):
Reading Disability/dyslexia
This is the most common learning disability. Of all students with specific learning disabilities, 70%-80% have deficits in reading. A reading disability can affect any part of the reading process, including difficulty with accurate and/or fluent word recognition, word decoding, reading rate, whole word recognition (sight words) and reading comprehension. The most common indicator of reading disability is difficulty with phonological awareness. This involves the ability to match letter combinations to specific sounds and then blend these sounds to form words.There are however other types of dyslexia. read more
Writing disability/dysgraphia
Writing disorders are an impairment of written language ability, and may include impairments in handwriting, spelling, organization of ideas, and composition.
Maths Disability/dyscalculia
People with dyscalculia have difficulty recalling number facts and completing numerical calculations. They also show chronic difficulties with numerical processing skills such recognising number symbols, writing numbers or naming written numerals and applying procedures correctly. read more
Nonverbal learning disabilities
Nonverbal Learning Disabilities (NVLD/NLD) are characterised primarily by deficient performances in visual-spatial-organizational abilities, complex psychomotor and tactile-perceptual skills, and problem solving abilities. Further deficits include attentional deficits for visual or tactile information, poor exploratory behaviour, and poor memory for tactile, visual, complex, and novel material. Academically there is an outstanding relative deficiency in arithmetic compared to reading and spelling. There are problems in social competence, adapting to novel situations, and emotional disturbances may arise. Neuropsychological assets include simple motor skills, auditory perception, learning of rote material, attention for simple verbal material, and good rote memory for verbal material. read more
What is the treatment for learning disabilities?
While there is no direct cure for a learning disability, early screening and intervention from specialists can often provide great benefits. Early intervention can prevent learning difficulties, thus reducing the number of children requiring special education services. Many products featured on NeuroResources help support this process of treatment by helping further drill children in novel and fun ways, and by working upon core cognitive skills that underlie the learning process. Helping children with learning difficulties is hard work, so we have put together the products to help guide you on this difficult path.
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